Lesson 12
Simple Sanskrit – Lesson 12
सरलं संस्कृतम् – द्वादशः पाठः |
In the previous chapter I hinted “Comprehensive study” of any धातु. Across the chapters thus far there has been detailing of लट्-वर्तमान, लोट्-आज्ञार्थ, लिट्-भूतकाल and लङ्-भूतकाल inflections of both परस्मैपदी and आत्मनेपदी धातु-s and also the concept of verbal derivatives धातुसाधित both adjectival विशेषण-s and indeclinable अव्यय-s.
However more aspects of a धातु are yet to be studied. There are six more लकार-s to be detailed. In addition, Sanskrit also provides desiderative inflections. For example, root meaning of धातु मुच् is to leave, to release, to renounce. One way to say “He wishes to renounce” is to say सः मोक्तुं इच्छति The desiderative in Sanskrit facilitates this to be more crisp by मोक्तुं इच्छति = मुमुक्षति.
And then there are also the passive voice inflections and causative inflections. To understand the patterns of these inflections, it would help to have some idea of the concept of गण of a धातु. The गण is a pattern of inflections applicable to a धातु. For example in Table 11-1 below, I have given examples of 10 patterns of inflection of diiferent धातु-s belonging to different गण-s.
Table 12-1
|
No. / गण |
धातु |
Present, Third person, Singular i.e. लट्-वर्तमाने प्रथमपुरुषे एकवचनम् |
Passive Voice, Present, Third person, Singular i.e. कर्मणिप्रयोगे लट्-वर्तमाने प्रथमपुरुषे एकवचनम् |
Causative Present, Third person, Singular i.e. प्रयोजकप्रयोगे लट्-वर्तमाने प्रथमपुरुषे एकवचनम् |
Passive of Causative प्रयोजकस्य कर्मणिप्रयोगे लट्-वर्तमाने प्रथमपुरुषे एकवचनम् |
|
1 |
पठ् to read, to study |
पठति |
पठ्यते |
पाठयति-ते |
पाठ्यते |
|
2 |
ब्रू to say, to speak |
ब्रवीति ब्रूते |
उच्यते |
वाचयति-ते |
वाच्यते |
|
3 |
दा to give |
ददाति दत्ते |
दीयते |
दापयति-ते |
दाप्यते |
|
4 |
रञ्ज् to be pleased |
रज्जति रज्यते |
रज्यते |
रञ्जयति -ते, रजयति-ते | रञ्ज्यते |
|
5 |
चि to collect, to select, to opt for |
चिनोति चिनुते |
चीयते |
चापयति-ते, चाययति-ते, |
चाप्यते, चाय्यते |
|
6 |
दिश् = to show direction |
दिशति दिशते |
दिश्यते |
देशयति-ते |
देश्यते |
|
7 |
भुञ्ज् = to consume, to eat |
भुनक्ति भुङ्क्ते |
भुज्यते |
भोजयति-ते |
भोज्यते |
|
8 |
कृ = to do |
करोति कुरुते |
क्रियते |
कारयति-ते |
कार्यते |
|
9 |
क्री = to buy |
क्रीणाति क्रीणीते |
क्रीयते |
क्रापयति-ते |
क्राप्यते |
|
10 |
सूच् = to suggest |
सूचयति सूचयते |
सूच्यते |
सूचयति-ते |
सूच्यते |